Title and Copyright Information
Preface
- Audience
- Documentation Accessibility
- Related Documents
- Conventions
Changes in This Release for Oracle Database SQL Language Reference
- Changes in Oracle Database 12c Release 2 (12.2.0.1)
- Changes in Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1.0.2)
  - New Features
- Changes in Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1.0.1)
1 Introduction to Oracle SQL
- 1.1 History of SQL
- 1.2 SQL Standards
  - 1.2.1 How SQL Works
  - 1.2.2 Common Language for All Relational Databases
- 1.3 Using Enterprise Manager
- 1.4 Lexical Conventions
- 1.5 Tools Support
2 Basic Elements of Oracle SQL
- 2.1 Data Types
- 2.2 Data Type Comparison Rules
- 2.3 Literals
- 2.4 Format Models
- 2.5 Nulls
- 2.6 Comments
- 2.7 Database Objects
  - 2.7.1 Schema Objects
  - 2.7.2 Nonschema Objects
- 2.8 Database Object Names and Qualifiers
- 2.9 Syntax for Schema Objects and Parts in SQL Statements
3 Pseudocolumns
- 3.1 Hierarchical Query Pseudocolumns
- 3.2 Sequence Pseudocolumns
  - 3.2.1 Where to Use Sequence Values
  - 3.2.2 How to Use Sequence Values
- 3.3 Version Query Pseudocolumns
- 3.4 COLUMN_VALUE Pseudocolumn
- 3.5 OBJECT_ID Pseudocolumn
- 3.6 OBJECT_VALUE Pseudocolumn
- 3.7 ORA_ROWSCN Pseudocolumn
- 3.8 ROWID Pseudocolumn
- 3.9 ROWNUM Pseudocolumn
- 3.10 XMLDATA Pseudocolumn
4 Operators
- 4.1 About SQL Operators
  - 4.1.1 Unary and Binary Operators
  - 4.1.2 Operator Precedence
- 4.2 Arithmetic Operators
- 4.3 COLLATE Operator
- 4.4 Concatenation Operator
- 4.5 Hierarchical Query Operators
  - 4.5.1 PRIOR
  - 4.5.2 CONNECT_BY_ROOT
- 4.6 Set Operators
- 4.7 Multiset Operators
- 4.8 User-Defined Operators
5 Expressions
- 5.1 About SQL Expressions
- 5.2 Simple Expressions
- 5.3 Compound Expressions
- 5.4 Calculated Measure Expressions
- 5.5 CASE Expressions
- 5.6 Column Expressions
- 5.7 CURSOR Expressions
- 5.8 Datetime Expressions
- 5.9 Function Expressions
- 5.10 Interval Expressions
- 5.11 JSON Object Access Expressions
- 5.12 Model Expressions
- 5.13 Object Access Expressions
- 5.14 Placeholder Expressions
- 5.15 Scalar Subquery Expressions
- 5.16 Type Constructor Expressions
- 5.17 Expression Lists
6 Conditions
- 6.1 About SQL Conditions
  - 6.1.1 Condition Precedence
- 6.2 Comparison Conditions
  - 6.2.1 Simple Comparison Conditions
  - 6.2.2 Group Comparison Conditions
- 6.3 Floating-Point Conditions
- 6.4 Logical Conditions
- 6.5 Model Conditions
  - 6.5.1 IS ANY Condition
  - 6.5.2 IS PRESENT Condition
- 6.6 Multiset Conditions
- 6.7 Pattern-matching Conditions
  - 6.7.1 LIKE Condition
  - 6.7.2 REGEXP_LIKE Condition
- 6.8 Null Conditions
- 6.9 XML Conditions
  - 6.9.1 EQUALS_PATH Condition
  - 6.9.2 UNDER_PATH Condition
- 6.10 SQL/JSON Conditions
- 6.11 Compound Conditions
- 6.12 BETWEEN Condition
- 6.13 EXISTS Condition
- 6.14 IN Condition
- 6.15 IS OF type Condition
7 Functions
- 7.1 About SQL Functions
- 7.2 Single-Row Functions
  - 7.2.1 Numeric Functions
  - 7.2.2 Character Functions Returning Character Values
  - 7.2.3 Character Functions Returning Number Values
  - 7.2.4 Character Set Functions
  - 7.2.5 Collation Functions
  - 7.2.6 Datetime Functions
  - 7.2.7 General Comparison Functions
  - 7.2.8 Conversion Functions
  - 7.2.9 Large Object Functions
  - 7.2.10 Collection Functions
  - 7.2.11 Hierarchical Functions
  - 7.2.12 Data Mining Functions
  - 7.2.13 XML Functions
  - 7.2.14 JSON Functions
  - 7.2.15 Encoding and Decoding Functions
  - 7.2.16 NULL-Related Functions
  - 7.2.17 Environment and Identifier Functions
- 7.3 Aggregate Functions
- 7.4 Analytic Functions
- 7.5 Object Reference Functions
- 7.6 Model Functions
- 7.7 OLAP Functions
- 7.8 Data Cartridge Functions
- 7.9 ABS
- 7.10 ACOS
- 7.11 ADD_MONTHS
- 7.12 APPENDCHILDXML
- 7.13 APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
- 7.14 APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_AGG
- 7.15 APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_DETAIL
- 7.16 APPROX_MEDIAN
- 7.17 APPROX_PERCENTILE
- 7.18 APPROX_PERCENTILE_AGG
- 7.19 APPROX_PERCENTILE_DETAIL
- 7.20 ASCII
- 7.21 ASCIISTR
- 7.22 ASIN
- 7.23 ATAN
- 7.24 ATAN2
- 7.25 AVG
- 7.26 BFILENAME
- 7.27 BIN_TO_NUM
- 7.28 BITAND
- 7.29 CARDINALITY
- 7.30 CAST
- 7.31 CEIL
- 7.32 CHARTOROWID
- 7.33 CHR
- 7.34 CLUSTER_DETAILS
- 7.35 CLUSTER_DISTANCE
- 7.36 CLUSTER_ID
- 7.37 CLUSTER_PROBABILITY
- 7.38 CLUSTER_SET
- 7.39 COALESCE
- 7.40 COLLATION
- 7.41 COLLECT
- 7.42 COMPOSE
- 7.43 CON_DBID_TO_ID
- 7.44 CON_GUID_TO_ID
- 7.45 CON_NAME_TO_ID
- 7.46 CON_UID_TO_ID
- 7.47 CONCAT
- 7.48 CONVERT
- 7.49 CORR
- 7.50 CORR_*
  - 7.50.1 CORR_S
  - 7.50.2 CORR_K
- 7.51 COS
- 7.52 COSH
- 7.53 COUNT
- 7.54 COVAR_POP
- 7.55 COVAR_SAMP
- 7.56 CUBE_TABLE
- 7.57 CUME_DIST
- 7.58 CURRENT_DATE
- 7.59 CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
- 7.60 CV
- 7.61 DATAOBJ_TO_MAT_PARTITION
- 7.62 DATAOBJ_TO_PARTITION
- 7.63 DBTIMEZONE
- 7.64 DECODE
- 7.65 DECOMPOSE
- 7.66 DELETEXML
- 7.67 DENSE_RANK
- 7.68 DEPTH
- 7.69 DEREF
- 7.70 DUMP
- 7.71 EMPTY_BLOB, EMPTY_CLOB
- 7.72 EXISTSNODE
- 7.73 EXP
- 7.74 EXTRACT (datetime)
- 7.75 EXTRACT (XML)
- 7.76 EXTRACTVALUE
- 7.77 FEATURE_COMPARE
- 7.78 FEATURE_DETAILS
- 7.79 FEATURE_ID
- 7.80 FEATURE_SET
- 7.81 FEATURE_VALUE
- 7.82 FIRST
- 7.83 FIRST_VALUE
- 7.84 FLOOR
- 7.85 FROM_TZ
- 7.86 GREATEST
- 7.87 GROUP_ID
- 7.88 GROUPING
- 7.89 GROUPING_ID
- 7.90 HEXTORAW
- 7.91 INITCAP
- 7.92 INSERTCHILDXML
- 7.93 INSERTCHILDXMLAFTER
- 7.94 INSERTCHILDXMLBEFORE
- 7.95 INSERTXMLAFTER
- 7.96 INSERTXMLBEFORE
- 7.97 INSTR
- 7.98 ITERATION_NUMBER
- 7.99 JSON_ARRAY
- 7.100 JSON_ARRAYAGG
- 7.101 JSON_DATAGUIDE
- 7.102 JSON_OBJECT
- 7.103 JSON_OBJECTAGG
- 7.104 JSON_QUERY
- 7.105 JSON_TABLE
- 7.106 JSON_VALUE
- 7.107 LAG
- 7.108 LAST
- 7.109 LAST_DAY
- 7.110 LAST_VALUE
- 7.111 LEAD
- 7.112 LEAST
- 7.113 LENGTH
- 7.114 LISTAGG
- 7.115 LN
- 7.116 LNNVL
- 7.117 LOCALTIMESTAMP
- 7.118 LOG
- 7.119 LOWER
- 7.120 LPAD
- 7.121 LTRIM
- 7.122 MAKE_REF
- 7.123 MAX
- 7.124 MEDIAN
- 7.125 MIN
- 7.126 MOD
- 7.127 MONTHS_BETWEEN
- 7.128 NANVL
- 7.129 NCHR
- 7.130 NEW_TIME
- 7.131 NEXT_DAY
- 7.132 NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN
- 7.133 NLS_CHARSET_ID
- 7.134 NLS_CHARSET_NAME
- 7.135 NLS_COLLATION_ID
- 7.136 NLS_COLLATION_NAME
- 7.137 NLS_INITCAP
- 7.138 NLS_LOWER
- 7.139 NLS_UPPER
- 7.140 NLSSORT
- 7.141 NTH_VALUE
- 7.142 NTILE
- 7.143 NULLIF
- 7.144 NUMTODSINTERVAL
- 7.145 NUMTOYMINTERVAL
- 7.146 NVL
- 7.147 NVL2
- 7.148 ORA_DM_PARTITION_NAME
- 7.149 ORA_DST_AFFECTED
- 7.150 ORA_DST_CONVERT
- 7.151 ORA_DST_ERROR
- 7.152 ORA_HASH
- 7.153 ORA_INVOKING_USER
- 7.154 ORA_INVOKING_USERID
- 7.155 PATH
- 7.156 PERCENT_RANK
- 7.157 PERCENTILE_CONT
- 7.158 PERCENTILE_DISC
- 7.159 POWER
- 7.160 POWERMULTISET
- 7.161 POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY
- 7.162 PREDICTION
- 7.163 PREDICTION_BOUNDS
- 7.164 PREDICTION_COST
- 7.165 PREDICTION_DETAILS
- 7.166 PREDICTION_PROBABILITY
- 7.167 PREDICTION_SET
- 7.168 PRESENTNNV
- 7.169 PRESENTV
- 7.170 PREVIOUS
- 7.171 RANK
- 7.172 RATIO_TO_REPORT
- 7.173 RAWTOHEX
- 7.174 RAWTONHEX
- 7.175 REF
- 7.176 REFTOHEX
- 7.177 REGEXP_COUNT
- 7.178 REGEXP_INSTR
- 7.179 REGEXP_REPLACE
- 7.180 REGEXP_SUBSTR
- 7.181 REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions
- 7.182 REMAINDER
- 7.183 REPLACE
- 7.184 ROUND (date)
- 7.185 ROUND (number)
- 7.186 ROW_NUMBER
- 7.187 ROWIDTOCHAR
- 7.188 ROWIDTONCHAR
- 7.189 RPAD
- 7.190 RTRIM
- 7.191 SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP
- 7.192 SESSIONTIMEZONE
- 7.193 SET
- 7.194 SIGN
- 7.195 SIN
- 7.196 SINH
- 7.197 SOUNDEX
- 7.198 SQRT
- 7.199 STANDARD_HASH
- 7.200 STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST
- 7.201 STATS_CROSSTAB
- 7.202 STATS_F_TEST
- 7.203 STATS_KS_TEST
- 7.204 STATS_MODE
- 7.205 STATS_MW_TEST
- 7.206 STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA
- 7.207 STATS_T_TEST_*
  - 7.207.1 STATS_T_TEST_ONE
  - 7.207.2 STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED
  - 7.207.3 STATS_T_TEST_INDEP and STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU
- 7.208 STATS_WSR_TEST
- 7.209 STDDEV
- 7.210 STDDEV_POP
- 7.211 STDDEV_SAMP
- 7.212 SUBSTR
- 7.213 SUM
- 7.214 SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH
- 7.215 SYS_CONTEXT
- 7.216 SYS_DBURIGEN
- 7.217 SYS_EXTRACT_UTC
- 7.218 SYS_GUID
- 7.219 SYS_OP_ZONE_ID
- 7.220 SYS_TYPEID
- 7.221 SYS_XMLAGG
- 7.222 SYS_XMLGEN
- 7.223 SYSDATE
- 7.224 SYSTIMESTAMP
- 7.225 TAN
- 7.226 TANH
- 7.227 TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN
- 7.228 TO_APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
- 7.229 TO_APPROX_PERCENTILE
- 7.230 TO_BINARY_DOUBLE
- 7.231 TO_BINARY_FLOAT
- 7.232 TO_BLOB (bfile)
- 7.233 TO_BLOB (raw)
- 7.234 TO_CHAR (bfile|blob)
- 7.235 TO_CHAR (character)
- 7.236 TO_CHAR (datetime)
- 7.237 TO_CHAR (number)
- 7.238 TO_CLOB (bfile|blob)
- 7.239 TO_CLOB (character)
- 7.240 TO_DATE
- 7.241 TO_DSINTERVAL
- 7.242 TO_LOB
- 7.243 TO_MULTI_BYTE
- 7.244 TO_NCHAR (character)
- 7.245 TO_NCHAR (datetime)
- 7.246 TO_NCHAR (number)
- 7.247 TO_NCLOB
- 7.248 TO_NUMBER
- 7.249 TO_SINGLE_BYTE
- 7.250 TO_TIMESTAMP
- 7.251 TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
- 7.252 TO_YMINTERVAL
- 7.253 TRANSLATE
- 7.254 TRANSLATE ... USING
- 7.255 TREAT
- 7.256 TRIM
- 7.257 TRUNC (date)
- 7.258 TRUNC (number)
- 7.259 TZ_OFFSET
- 7.260 UID
- 7.261 UNISTR
- 7.262 UPDATEXML
- 7.263 UPPER
- 7.264 USER
- 7.265 USERENV
- 7.266 VALIDATE_CONVERSION
- 7.267 VALUE
- 7.268 VAR_POP
- 7.269 VAR_SAMP
- 7.270 VARIANCE
- 7.271 VSIZE
- 7.272 WIDTH_BUCKET
- 7.273 XMLAGG
- 7.274 XMLCAST
- 7.275 XMLCDATA
- 7.276 XMLCOLATTVAL
- 7.277 XMLCOMMENT
- 7.278 XMLCONCAT
- 7.279 XMLDIFF
- 7.280 XMLELEMENT
- 7.281 XMLEXISTS
- 7.282 XMLFOREST
- 7.283 XMLISVALID
- 7.284 XMLPARSE
- 7.285 XMLPATCH
- 7.286 XMLPI
- 7.287 XMLQUERY
- 7.288 XMLROOT
- 7.289 XMLSEQUENCE
- 7.290 XMLSERIALIZE
- 7.291 XMLTABLE
- 7.292 XMLTRANSFORM
- 7.293 ROUND and TRUNC Date Functions
- 7.294 About User-Defined Functions
  - 7.294.1 Prerequisites
  - 7.294.2 Name Precedence
    - 7.294.2.1 Naming Conventions
8 Common SQL DDL Clauses
- 8.1 allocate_extent_clause
- 8.2 constraint
- 8.3 deallocate_unused_clause
- 8.4 file_specification
- 8.5 logging_clause
- 8.6 parallel_clause
- 8.7 physical_attributes_clause
- 8.8 size_clause
- 8.9 storage_clause
9 SQL Queries and Subqueries
- 9.1 About Queries and Subqueries
- 9.2 Creating Simple Queries
- 9.3 Hierarchical Queries
  - 9.3.1 Hierarchical Query Examples
- 9.4 The UNION [ALL], INTERSECT, MINUS Operators
- 9.5 Sorting Query Results
- 9.6 Joins
- 9.7 Using Subqueries
- 9.8 Unnesting of Nested Subqueries
- 9.9 Selecting from the DUAL Table
- 9.10 Distributed Queries
10 SQL Statements: ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT to ALTER JAVA
- 10.1 Types of SQL Statements
- 10.2 How the SQL Statement Chapters are Organized
- 10.3 ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT
- 10.4 ALTER ANALYTIC VIEW
- 10.5 ALTER ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION
- 10.6 ALTER AUDIT POLICY (Unified Auditing)
- 10.7 ALTER CLUSTER
- 10.8 ALTER DATABASE
- 10.9 ALTER DATABASE LINK
- 10.10 ALTER DIMENSION
- 10.11 ALTER DISKGROUP
- 10.12 ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE
- 10.13 ALTER FUNCTION
- 10.14 ALTER HIERARCHY
- 10.15 ALTER INDEX
- 10.16 ALTER INDEXTYPE
- 10.17 ALTER INMEMORY JOIN GROUP
- 10.18 ALTER JAVA
11 SQL Statements: ALTER LIBRARY to ALTER SESSION
- 11.1 ALTER LIBRARY
- 11.2 ALTER LOCKDOWN PROFILE
- 11.3 ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
- 11.4 ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
- 11.5 ALTER MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP
- 11.6 ALTER OPERATOR
- 11.7 ALTER OUTLINE
- 11.8 ALTER PACKAGE
- 11.9 ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE
- 11.10 ALTER PROCEDURE
- 11.11 ALTER PROFILE
- 11.12 ALTER RESOURCE COST
- 11.13 ALTER ROLE
- 11.14 ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT
- 11.15 ALTER SEQUENCE
- 11.16 ALTER SESSION
  - 11.16.1 Initialization Parameters and ALTER SESSION
  - 11.16.2 Session Parameters and ALTER SESSION
12 SQL Statements: ALTER SYNONYM to COMMENT
- 12.1 ALTER SYNONYM
- 12.2 ALTER SYSTEM
- 12.3 ALTER TABLE
- 12.4 ALTER TABLESPACE
- 12.5 ALTER TABLESPACE SET
- 12.6 ALTER TRIGGER
- 12.7 ALTER TYPE
- 12.8 ALTER USER
- 12.9 ALTER VIEW
- 12.10 ANALYZE
- 12.11 ASSOCIATE STATISTICS
- 12.12 AUDIT (Traditional Auditing)
- 12.13 AUDIT (Unified Auditing)
- 12.14 CALL
- 12.15 COMMENT
13 SQL Statements: COMMIT to CREATE JAVA
- 13.1 COMMIT
- 13.2 CREATE ANALYTIC VIEW
- 13.3 CREATE ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION
- 13.4 CREATE AUDIT POLICY (Unified Auditing)
- 13.5 CREATE CLUSTER
- 13.6 CREATE CONTEXT
- 13.7 CREATE CONTROLFILE
- 13.8 CREATE DATABASE
- 13.9 CREATE DATABASE LINK
- 13.10 CREATE DIMENSION
- 13.11 CREATE DIRECTORY
- 13.12 CREATE DISKGROUP
- 13.13 CREATE EDITION
- 13.14 CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE
- 13.15 CREATE FUNCTION
- 13.16 CREATE HIERARCHY
- 13.17 CREATE INDEX
- 13.18 CREATE INDEXTYPE
- 13.19 CREATE INMEMORY JOIN GROUP
- 13.20 CREATE JAVA
14 SQL Statements: CREATE LIBRARY to CREATE SCHEMA
- 14.1 CREATE LIBRARY
- 14.2 CREATE LOCKDOWN PROFILE
- 14.3 CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
- 14.4 CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
- 14.5 CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP
- 14.6 CREATE OPERATOR
- 14.7 CREATE OUTLINE
- 14.8 CREATE PACKAGE
- 14.9 CREATE PACKAGE BODY
- 14.10 CREATE PFILE
- 14.11 CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE
- 14.12 CREATE PROCEDURE
- 14.13 CREATE PROFILE
- 14.14 CREATE RESTORE POINT
- 14.15 CREATE ROLE
- 14.16 CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT
- 14.17 CREATE SCHEMA
15 SQL Statements: CREATE SEQUENCE to DROP CLUSTER
- 15.1 CREATE SEQUENCE
- 15.2 CREATE SPFILE
- 15.3 CREATE SYNONYM
- 15.4 CREATE TABLE
- 15.5 CREATE TABLESPACE
- 15.6 CREATE TABLESPACE SET
- 15.7 CREATE TRIGGER
- 15.8 CREATE TYPE
- 15.9 CREATE TYPE BODY
- 15.10 CREATE USER
- 15.11 CREATE VIEW
- 15.12 DELETE
- 15.13 DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS
- 15.14 DROP ANALYTIC VIEW
- 15.15 DROP ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION
- 15.16 DROP AUDIT POLICY (Unified Auditing)
- 15.17 DROP CLUSTER
16 SQL Statements: DROP CONTEXT to DROP JAVA
- 16.1 DROP CONTEXT
- 16.2 DROP DATABASE
- 16.3 DROP DATABASE LINK
- 16.4 DROP DIMENSION
- 16.5 DROP DIRECTORY
- 16.6 DROP DISKGROUP
- 16.7 DROP EDITION
- 16.8 DROP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE
- 16.9 DROP FUNCTION
- 16.10 DROP HIERARCHY
- 16.11 DROP INDEX
- 16.12 DROP INDEXTYPE
- 16.13 DROP INMEMORY JOIN GROUP
- 16.14 DROP JAVA
17 SQL Statements: DROP LIBRARY to DROP SYNONYM
- 17.1 DROP LIBRARY
- 17.2 DROP LOCKDOWN PROFILE
- 17.3 DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
- 17.4 DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
- 17.5 DROP MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP
- 17.6 DROP OPERATOR
- 17.7 DROP OUTLINE
- 17.8 DROP PACKAGE
- 17.9 DROP PLUGGABLE DATABASE
- 17.10 DROP PROCEDURE
- 17.11 DROP PROFILE
- 17.12 DROP RESTORE POINT
- 17.13 DROP ROLE
- 17.14 DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT
- 17.15 DROP SEQUENCE
- 17.16 DROP SYNONYM
18 SQL Statements: DROP TABLE to LOCK TABLE
- 18.1 DROP TABLE
- 18.2 DROP TABLESPACE
- 18.3 DROP TABLESPACE SET
- 18.4 DROP TRIGGER
- 18.5 DROP TYPE
- 18.6 DROP TYPE BODY
- 18.7 DROP USER
- 18.8 DROP VIEW
- 18.9 EXPLAIN PLAN
- 18.10 FLASHBACK DATABASE
- 18.11 FLASHBACK TABLE
- 18.12 GRANT
- 18.13 INSERT
- 18.14 LOCK TABLE
19 SQL Statements: MERGE to UPDATE
- 19.1 MERGE
- 19.2 NOAUDIT (Traditional Auditing)
- 19.3 NOAUDIT (Unified Auditing)
- 19.4 PURGE
- 19.5 RENAME
- 19.6 REVOKE
- 19.7 ROLLBACK
- 19.8 SAVEPOINT
- 19.9 SELECT
- 19.10 SET CONSTRAINT[S]
- 19.11 SET ROLE
- 19.12 SET TRANSACTION
- 19.13 TRUNCATE CLUSTER
- 19.14 TRUNCATE TABLE
- 19.15 UPDATE
A How to Read Syntax Diagrams
- A.1 Graphic Syntax Diagrams
- A.2 Backus-Naur Form Syntax
B Automatic and Manual Locking Mechanisms During SQL Operations
- B.1 Automatic Locks in DML Operations
- B.2 Automatic Locks in DDL Operations
- B.3 Manual Data Locking
C Oracle and Standard SQL
- C.1 ANSI Standards
- C.2 ISO Standards
- C.3 Oracle Compliance to Core SQL
- C.4 Oracle Support for Optional Features of SQL/Foundation
- C.5 Oracle Compliance with SQL/CLI
- C.6 Oracle Compliance with SQL/PSM
- C.7 Oracle Compliance with SQL/MED
- C.8 Oracle Compliance with SQL/OLB
- C.9 Oracle Compliance with SQL/JRT
- C.10 Oracle Compliance with SQL/XML
- C.11 Oracle Compliance with FIPS 127-2
- C.12 Oracle Extensions to Standard SQL
- C.13 Oracle Compliance with Older Standards
- C.14 Character Set Support
D Oracle Regular Expression Support
- D.1 Multilingual Regular Expression Syntax
- D.2 Regular Expression Operator Multilingual Enhancements
- D.3 Perl-influenced Extensions in Oracle Regular Expressions
E Oracle SQL Reserved Words and Keywords
- E.1 Oracle SQL Reserved Words
- E.2 Oracle SQL Keywords
F Extended Examples
- F.1 Using Extensible Indexing
- F.2 Using XML in SQL Statements
Index